CULTURAL NORMS, GENDER BIAS, AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE NURSING PROFESSION IN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Background: The social and cultural obstacles experienced by nurses, a profession primarily occupied by women, will be highlighted in this research study conducted in nursing in Khyber Pukhtankhwa, Pakistan. It examines how patriarchal systems and prevalent gender stereotypes contribute to the marginalization and unfavorable opinions of nursing.

Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional analysis conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with 184 nurses using purposive sampling from June to September 2025. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire focusing on socio-demographic factors, cultural norms in nursing, gender bias experiences, and their effects on professional identity and career satisfaction. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive and inferential statistics, with ethical approval obtained to ensure confidentiality and voluntary participation.

Results: A study of 186 registered nurses, mostly female (71.0%) and aged 25–35, highlighted significant perceptions of cultural norms and gender bias within the profession.  High mean scores indicated nursing's perception as a feminine profession (4.12) and noted that gender bias negatively affected job satisfaction and professional advancement. Notably, higher perceived gender bias correlated with job dissatisfaction (p < 0.01), where those perceiving more bias were 2.86 times more likely to report dissatisfaction. Male nurses expressed greater dissatisfaction than females (OR = 1.90, p = 0.027).

Conclusion

The study highlights that cultural norms and gender bias negatively impact nurses' professional identity and job satisfaction, especially among male nurses. Perceived gender bias is the leading cause of dissatisfaction. The findings underscore the need for gender-sensitive workplace policies, institutional support, and educational reforms to enhance equity and retention in the nursing workforce.